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<meta content="Action research (AR) is not without its critics, and those who reject some of the paradigmatic assumptions embodied in AR maintain that AR is little more than consultancy, that it is impossible to establish casual relationships, that it is difficult to generalize from AR studies, that there is a risk of researcher bias, and that generally speaking, it lacks some of the key qualities that are normally associated with rigorous research.  The authors are sensitive to such criticisms, for although they are committed action researchers, they have elsewhere voiced their concerns about the quality of AR practice in the field of information systems.  The authors argue that part of the issue concerns the way in which we currently conceptualize AR.  In this article, the argument for a deeper and more reflective analysis of the meaning and full implications of AR is developed, culminating in a model of AR being developed that explicitly includes both a problem solving interest cycle and a research interest cycle.  Important implications of this new model are articulated, with examples to illustrate these points being drawn from a real-life AR study." name="eprints.abstract" />
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<meta content="Ackoff, R.L. and Sasieni, M.W. (1968), Fundamentals of Operations Research, John Wiley &amp; Sons,
NewYork, NY.
Alavi, M. (1984), ``An assessment of the prototyping approach in information systems
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information systems’’, Proceedings of the 4th Australian Conference on Information
Systems, University of Queensland, Brisbane.
Avison, D.E. and Wood-Harper, A.T. (1991), ``Conclusions from action research: the multiview
experience’’, in Jackson, M.C. et al. (Eds), Systems Thinking in Europe, Plenum Press, New
York,NY.
Avison, D., Lau, F., Myers,M. and Nielsen, P.A. (1999), ``Action research’’, Communications of the
ACM, Vol. 42 No. 1, pp. 94-7.
Baskerville, R.L. and Wood-Harper, A.T. (1996), ``A critical perspective on action research as a
method for information systems research’’, Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 11,
pp. 235-46.
Baskerville, R.L. and Wood-Harper, A.T. (1998), ``Diversity in information systems action
research methods’’, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 7, pp. 90-107.
Burns, R. (1994), Introduction to Research Methods in Education, 2nd ed., Longman Cheshire,
Melbourne.
Chalmers, A.F. (1982), What is this Thing called Science?, University of Queensland Press,
Brisbane.
Checkland, P. (1981), SystemsThinking, Systems Practice, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester.
Checkland, P. (1991), ``From framework through experience to learning: the essential nature of
action research’’, in Nissen, H.E. et al. (Eds), Information Systems Research: Contemporary
Approaches and Emergent Traditions, Elsevier,Amsterdam.
Churchman, C.W., Ackoff, R.L. and Arnoff, E.L. (1957), Introduction to Operations Research, John
Wiley &amp; Sons, New York,NY.
Eden, C. (1988), ``Cognitive mapping’’, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 36, pp. 1-13.
Eden, C. (1989), ``Using cognitive mapping for strategic options development and analysis’’, in
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Chichester.
Elden, M. and Chisholm, R.F. (1993), ``Emerging varieties of action research: introduction to the
special issue’’, Human Relations, Vol. 46, pp. 121-42.
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Thousand Oaks, CA.
Hult, M. and Lennung, S. (1980), ``Towards a definition of action research: a note and a
bibliography’’, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 17, pp. 241-50.
Kock, N.F., McQueen, R.J. and Scott, J.L. (1998), ``Can action research be made more rigorous in a
positivist sense? The contribution of an iterative approach’’, http://www.cis.temple.edu/
~kock/public/jsit97/is-arw6.htm, 25 May 1998.
Lau, F. (1997), ``A review of action research in information systems studies’’, in Information
Systems and Qualitative Research, in Lee, A.S., Liebenau, J. and DeGross, J.I. (Eds),
Proceedings of the IFIP TC8WG8.2 International Conference on Information Systems and
Qualitative Research, 31 May-3 June, 1997, Philadelphia, PA.
McKay, J. (1998), ``Using cognitive mapping to achieve shared understanding in information
requirements determination’’, Australian Computer Journal, Vol. 30 No. 4, pp. 139-45.

McKay, J. (2000), ``Soft operational research/management science applied to information
requirement determination: a study using cognitive mapping and the SODA
methodology’’, unpublished PhD thesis, Edith Cowan University, Churchlands.
McKay, J. and Marshall, P. (1999a), ``The poverty of action research in information systems’’,
Proceedings of the UKSS Conference, Lincoln Business School, Lincoln, July.
McKay, J. and Marshall, P. (1999b), ``A framework for rigour in action research’’, Proceedings of
the American Conference on Information Systems, Milwaukee, WI, August.
Mumford, E. (1985), ``Defining system requirements to meet business needs: a case study
example’’, The Computer Journal, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 97-104.
Shanks, G., Rouse, A. and Arnott, D. (1993), ``A review of approaches to research and scholarship
in information systems’’, in Proceedings of the 4th Australian Conference on Information
Systems, University of Queensland, Brisbane.
Stowell, F., West, D. and Stansfield, M. (1997), ``Action research as a framework for IS research’’,
in Mingers, J. and Stowell, F. (Eds), Information Systems: An Emerging Discipline?,
McGraw-Hill, London.
Susman, G.I. and Evered, R.D. (1978), ``An assessment of the scientific merits of action research’’,
Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 23, pp. 582-603.
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research’’, in Ellis, K. et al. (Eds), Critical Issues in Systems Theory and Practice, Plenum
Press,New York,NY.
Wood-Harper, A.T., Antill, L. and Avison, D.E. (1985), Information Systems Definition: The
Multiview Approach, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.








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    <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">The dual imperatives of action research</h1>
    <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">McKay, Judy</span> and <span class="person_name">Marshall, Peter</span> (2001) <xhtml:em>The dual imperatives of action research.</xhtml:em> Information Technology and People, 14 (1). pp. 46-59. ISSN 0959-3845</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2378/1/Dual_imperatives_of_ar.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2378/1/Dual_imperatives_of_ar.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />458Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="3077" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840110384771">http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840110384771</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">Action research (AR) is not without its critics, and those who reject some of the paradigmatic assumptions embodied in AR maintain that AR is little more than consultancy, that it is impossible to establish casual relationships, that it is difficult to generalize from AR studies, that there is a risk of researcher bias, and that generally speaking, it lacks some of the key qualities that are normally associated with rigorous research.  The authors are sensitive to such criticisms, for although they are committed action researchers, they have elsewhere voiced their concerns about the quality of AR practice in the field of information systems.  The authors argue that part of the issue concerns the way in which we currently conceptualize AR.  In this article, the argument for a deeper and more reflective analysis of the meaning and full implications of AR is developed, culminating in a model of AR being developed that explicitly includes both a problem solving interest cycle and a research interest cycle.  Important implications of this new model are articulated, with examples to illustrate these points being drawn from a real-life AR study.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Information systems, Research, Methodology, Action research</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/280000.html">280000 Information, Computing and Communication Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2378</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Ms Kristy A Purton</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">02 Nov 2007 12:26</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">09 Jan 2008 02:30</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2378;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=2378">item control page</a></p>
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